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Luqmān (Arabic: لقمان; also known as Luqman the Wise, Luqmaan, Lukman, and Luqman al-Hakeem; Arabic: لقمان) was a wise man or 'sage' (Arabic: صَالِحًا حَكِيمًا ṣāliḥan ḥakīman; lit. 'righteous and wise') for whom Surah Luqman (Arabic: سورة لقمان), the thirty-first surah (chapter) of the Quran, was named.
While the Quran does not state many personal details about Luqman's life, including when or where Luqman lived in, later Islamic traditions have elaborated upon his story. Some tales portray him as a man of Nubian descent,[1][2] while others state that he was of South Arabian origin.[3]
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There are many stories about Luqman in Persian, Arabic and Turkish literature, and various tafsir collections comment upon these stories.
The Quran does not state whether or not Luqman was a prophet, and Islamic scholars have differing views of the matter. The Bahá'íholy writings also make reference to Luqman.[4][5]
In the Quran[edit]
The Quranic account of Luqman's life involves him offering his son religious and moral advice and contra. He urges his son to avoid polytheism and worship Allah alone.[Quran31:14] He also instructs his son to be modest in attitude and to avoid arrogance.[Quran31:18] While the text states that Allah gave Luqman 'wisdom', it does not explicitly state that he is a prophet.
In Islamic tradition[edit]
In Tafsir al-Tabari, Luqman is said to have prayed in Mecca, whereupon they were told to choose something forthemselves, except immortality. Luqman wished life, but since he could not wish for immortality, he choose to live as long as seven eagles live. When the eagle died, Luqman died with him.[6]
The tafsir written by the scholar Ibn Kathir places Luqman in Nubia or Ethiopia and portrays him as a carpenter and a slave. He states that while Luqman was a 'righteous servant' of God, he was not a prophet.[1] One tale recounted in Ibn Kathir's writings involves Luqman's master ordering him to slaughter a sheep and to bring its worst parts to him. Luqman slaughtered the sheep and took its heart and tongue to his master. The master was confused upon receiving them, but Luqman stated that 'There is nothing better than these if they are good, and there is nothing worse than these if they are bad', demonstrating his perception and wisdom.
Other Islamic traditions portray Luqman as an Arab poet and wise man from the people of ʿĀd who lived in Al-Ahqaf, near modern-day Yemen. A large number of stories demonstrating Luqman's sharp mind have made their way into Islamic tradition, including his attempts to gain a woman's love. Over time, a large number of proverbs have been attributed to him, rendering him a sort of Arabic Aesop figure.[7] One saying attributed to Luqman has him crediting his success in life to 'truthful speech, fulfilling the trust, and leaving what does not concern me.'[8]
A number of scholars speculate that he was a mythical figure known in pre-Islamic times, though there has been much debate about the relationship of the pre-Islamic and Islamic Luqmans. Some maintain that the two are the same person; others that they simply share the same name.[2] Both Ibn Kathir and the Islamic historian Ibn Ishaq allude to a pre-Islamic 'Book of Luqman', or 'roll of Luqman', containing his wisdom, though no such work has survived, and it is unclear if the reports of its existence are true.[9]
In Bahá'í[edit]
In the Bahá'í writings, Luqman presents the following analogy to his son to explain the inevitability of the afterlife: 'O Son, if thou art able not to sleep, then thou art able not to die. And if thou art able not to waken after sleep, then thou shalt be able not to rise after death.” [5]
References[edit]
- ^ abIbn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original ~1370)
- ^ abAl-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah
- ^The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works, Volume 74
- ^*Bahá'u'lláh (1988) [1892]. Epistle to the Son of the Wolf (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN978-0-87743-182-4.
- ^ ab*Bahá'u'lláh (1991) [1856-63]. The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN978-0-87743-227-2.
- ^Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black, 18.06.2002 ISBN9780826449566 p. 73
- ^The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works, Volume 74
- ^Al-Halawi, Ali Sayed, Stories of the Qur'an by Ibn Kathir, Dar Al-Manarah
- ^Gutas, Dimitri (Jan–Mar 1981). 'Classical Arabic Wisdom Literature: Nature and Scope'. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 49–86. doi:10.2307/602164. JSTOR602164.CS1 maint: Date format (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Barham, Francis FosterLokman's Arabic Fables, literally translated into English (word for word), Bath, 1869, 12mo.
External links[edit]
- 'Lokman' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- Surah Luqmaan[permanent dead link] (Complete text in Arabic with English and French translations)
- [1] Epistle to the Son of the Wolf
- [2] The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys